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infoWhy this? Amino acids, proteins, and DNA show how functional groups, molecular structure, and intermolecular interactions underpin biological processes. Applying chemical principles to these molecules explains acid–base behaviour, peptide formation, and the structural importance of hydrogen bonding.

scheduleWhy now? Following amines, carboxylic acids, and polymers, we can apply established acid–base and condensation chemistry to biological molecules. Earlier optical isomerism and bonding also support explanations of amino acid chirality and the interactions that maintain protein and DNA structures.