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infoWhy this? Productive efficiency concerns how effectively firms use scarce resources to produce goods and services at lower cost. Productivity, capacity utilisation, lean production, and quality management help us assess ways to improve business performance and the potential benefits for competitiveness, wages, and economic growth.

scheduleWhy now? Earlier work on growth and demand explains how firms seek customers; we now consider how their internal operations support competitiveness. The international context adds relevance to cost and quality comparisons, while this unit prepares us to analyse business costs, profitability, and the contribution of productivity to economic performance.