Curriculum Portal

neurologyYou need to know

• International migration is the movement of people across national borders for at least one year, while immigration means entering a country and emigration means leaving a country.
• Global migration flows are dynamic because the number, direction and composition of migrants change over time in response to economic, political, social and environmental conditions.
• Inter-regional migration is movement between world regions, such as migration from South Asia to the Gulf states, while intra-regional migration is movement within a region, such as migration within the European Union.
• Major contemporary migration corridors include South Asia to the Gulf states, Latin America to North America, Eastern Europe to Western Europe, and movements between neighbouring countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
• International migrants are not a single group: they include economic migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, students, family migrants and highly skilled professional workers.
• Global migration is linked to uneven socio-economic development because people often move from places with lower wages, fewer jobs or lower human development towards places with higher wages, more opportunities or greater security.
• The Human Development Index measures development using life expectancy, education and income, and it can be used to compare the development levels of migrant source and host countries.
• Migrant remittances are money sent by migrants to people in their country of origin, and they can provide income for households, improve access to education and healthcare, and increase foreign currency earnings.
• Migration can promote development by moving people, money, ideas and technology between countries, including through remittances, business networks, skills transfer and diaspora investment.
• Migration can create inequalities and injustices when benefits are unevenly shared, workers are exploited, families are separated, or migrants face discrimination and insecure legal status.
• Economic globalisation has increased the complexity of migration by creating new source areas and new host destinations linked to global production, service industries and labour markets.
• Many contemporary migration flows have a high concentration of young working-age migrants because this group is most likely to seek employment and has the greatest physical and financial ability to move.
• Female migrants now form a major part of global migration flows, especially in care work, domestic work, healthcare, education and family migration.
• South-South migration corridors are now similar in scale to South-North corridors, showing that many migrants move between developing or emerging economies rather than only towards advanced countries.
• Conflict, persecution and human rights abuses increase forced migration by creating refugees who cross borders and internally displaced people who move within their own country.
• National immigration and emigration policies shape migration by controlling visas, asylum rules, border security, work permits, family reunification and citizenship rights.
• A bilateral migration corridor is a repeated flow of migrants between two countries, and it often creates long-term interdependence through labour supply, remittances, family networks and trade links.
• Migration creates economic interdependence because host countries may depend on migrant labour while source countries may depend on remittances and the skills or investment of their diaspora.
• Advanced countries usually have greater power to influence the global migration system because they can set restrictive border policies, recruit skilled labour and negotiate migration agreements.
• Low-income developing countries often have less influence over global migration because they may rely heavily on remittances, have limited border management capacity and be more vulnerable to skilled worker emigration or refugee flows.

• Interpret global migration flow maps by identifying the largest flows, their direction, their source and host regions, and whether they are inter-regional or intra-regional.
• Compare countries using Human Development Index and remittance data to explain links between migration patterns and socio-economic development.
• Classify migration causes into economic, political, social and environmental factors, then explain how these factors interact to create complex flows.
• Analyse a migration corridor by describing the scale, direction, composition and change over time of immigration and emigration between the two countries.
• Evaluate how migration affects a selected EDC by weighing impacts on economic development, political stability, social equality and environmental pressure.
• Evaluate how a selected AC shapes the global migration system by using evidence about labour demand, migration policy, border control and international interdependence.
• Evaluate how a selected LIDC is affected by unequal migration flows by balancing opportunities such as remittances against challenges such as brain drain and limited policy control.
• Use case study evidence accurately in extended answers by linking named facts to opportunities, challenges, interdependence and unequal power relations.
• Construct a balanced geographical argument about migration by considering benefits and costs for both source and host countries before reaching a justified judgement.