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neurologyYou need to know

• Team spirit means working together towards shared goals, while fair play means competing honestly, following the rules, and avoiding unfair advantages.
• Citizenship involves contributing positively to the community, tolerance means accepting differences, and respect involves treating opponents, team-mates, and officials considerately.
• Inclusion means enabling people of different backgrounds and abilities to participate, national pride involves feeling proud of representing or supporting a country, and excellence means striving to achieve your personal best.
• The three Olympic values are excellence, friendship, and respect, which encourage personal achievement, positive relationships, and consideration for others through sport.
• The four Paralympic values are courage, determination, inspiration, and equality, which celebrate athletes’ achievements and challenge discriminatory attitudes towards disability.
• The Olympic creed emphasises that taking part matters more than winning and that the struggle to perform well matters more than conquering opponents.
• This Girl Can is a Sport England campaign that encourages women and girls to become active by challenging fear of judgement about their appearance, ability, or fitness.
• Kick It Out challenges racism and other forms of discrimination in football through education, campaigning, and support for reporting discrimination.
• Rainbow Laces promotes LGBTQ+ inclusion in sport, using rainbow-coloured laces to show support and encourage people to challenge discrimination.
• Etiquette consists of the unwritten customs of acceptable behaviour in a sport, such as shaking hands with opponents after a match.
• Sportsmanship means showing honesty, fairness, and respect during competition, such as admitting a rule infringement that an official has missed.
• Gamesmanship involves using tactics to gain an advantage by stretching rules or exploiting their spirit, such as deliberately disrupting an opponent’s concentration, whereas cheating deliberately breaks rules to gain an unfair advantage.
• Etiquette and sportsmanship help sport remain fair, safe, and enjoyable, while poor behaviour can encourage conflict, discourage participation, and provide negative role models.
• Performance-enhancing drugs are substances used to improve sporting performance, and doping includes using substances or methods prohibited under anti-doping rules.
• Stimulants can increase alertness and reduce feelings of fatigue, anabolic steroids can increase muscle mass and strength, and erythropoietin, or EPO, can increase the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.
• Performers may use prohibited substances because of pressure to win, financial rewards, a desire for faster recovery, or a belief that competitors are doping.
• PED misuse can harm health: stimulants can cause heart problems, anabolic steroids can damage the liver and disrupt hormones, and EPO misuse can increase the risk of blood clots.
• Doping offences can lead to disqualification, loss of medals or titles, bans, lost sponsorship, and reputational damage for performers and their sports.
• The World Anti-Doping Agency, or WADA, coordinates international anti-doping standards through the World Anti-Doping Code and publishes the Prohibited List, while anti-doping organisations carry out testing in and out of competition.
• Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles and received a lifetime ban following findings of systematic doping, including the use of EPO and blood transfusions.

• Explain how a sporting activity promotes a named value by linking a specific action, such as volunteering or cooperating with team-mates, to its effect on participants or the community.
• Apply the Olympic values, Paralympic values, and Olympic creed to sporting scenarios, identifying the relevant principle and explaining how the performer’s actions demonstrate it.
• Compare This Girl Can, Kick It Out, and Rainbow Laces by identifying each campaign’s target audience, the barrier it addresses, and the sporting values it promotes.
• Classify examples of performer behaviour as etiquette, sportsmanship, gamesmanship, or cheating, justifying each decision using the rules and spirit of the sport.
• Explain the consequences of sporting behaviour for opponents, officials, spectators, and young participants, making clear links to fairness, respect, and participation.
• Explain why a performer might use a particular PED by linking its intended effect to the demands of their sport and identifying a relevant health risk.
• Describe a typical urine doping-control procedure, including notification, supervised sample collection, division into labelled A and B samples, secure sealing, and laboratory analysis.
• Analyse the Lance Armstrong case by linking the doping methods used to intended performance benefits, sanctions, and damage to public trust in cycling.