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neurologyYou need to know

• A writer's viewpoint is their attitude, opinion or position on a topic, revealed through the ideas and language they select.
• Perspective is the position or experience from which a writer views a subject, and it can influence how events and people are presented.
• Context includes the social, historical and personal circumstances surrounding a text, which can shape the writer's viewpoint and choices.
• Purpose is the effect a writer intends to achieve, such as informing, persuading or entertaining, while audience is the group the text is designed to address.
• Tone is the writer's attitude towards the subject or audience, conveyed through diction, details, imagery and sentence construction.
• Bias is a preference for one viewpoint over another and can be revealed through selective evidence, emotive diction, exaggeration or the omission of alternative views.
• An implication is an idea suggested by a text rather than stated directly, so it must be inferred from precise textual evidence.
• Diction means a writer's choice of words, while connotations are the feelings and associations suggested by those words beyond their literal meanings.
• A rhetorical question is asked to create emphasis or guide the audience towards a particular response rather than to obtain an answer.
• Hyperbole is deliberate exaggeration used to intensify an idea, provoke emotion or make a viewpoint appear more urgent.
• Repetition places emphasis on a word, phrase or idea, while parallelism repeats a grammatical structure to create rhythm, clarity and force.
• Ethos is a persuasive appeal based on the writer's credibility, authority or character, which encourages the audience to trust the argument.
• Juxtaposition places contrasting ideas or descriptions close together to emphasise their differences and influence the reader's judgement.
• A writer's voice is the distinctive identity created through tone, diction, phrasing, sentence structure and the relationship established with the audience.
• A formal voice usually uses standard grammar and controlled diction, whereas a conversational voice often uses direct address, contractions and familiar phrasing.
• A strong analytical response uses a relevant quotation, identifies a significant language choice, explains its connotations and connects its effect to the writer's viewpoint.
• A comparison identifies meaningful similarities and differences, while synthesis connects evidence from both sources within a unified explanation.
• A logically structured argument develops a claim using relevant evidence and reasoning that explains how the evidence supports the claim.
• A counterargument presents a credible opposing position, and a rebuttal responds to it with reasoning or evidence to defend the original claim.
• A change in purpose or audience requires deliberate changes to tone, voice, vocabulary, content and structure.

• Annotate a source to identify its author, context, audience, purpose, viewpoint, tone and significant rhetorical choices.
• Select three precise textual details that reveal a writer's viewpoint and interpret what each detail suggests or implies.
• Analyse a quotation by examining specific diction or a rhetorical device, explaining its connotations and its effect on the reader's perception.
• Infer bias from the writer's selection, emphasis or omission of details and support the inference with relevant textual evidence.
• Compare two sources by linking similarities and differences in viewpoint, tone and methods rather than discussing each source separately.
• Construct a comparative response using evidence from both sources and comparative connectives such as "whereas", "similarly" and "in contrast".
• Create a distinctive voice by making consistent choices in tone, diction, phrasing and sentence structure for a specified audience.
• Use rhetorical questions, repetition, parallelism or hyperbole deliberately to add emphasis and strengthen persuasion.
• Develop an argument through a clear claim, relevant evidence and logical reasoning, then address a credible counterargument with an effective rebuttal.
• Adapt a piece of writing for a new purpose or audience by changing its tone, vocabulary, content and structure while retaining the central topic.