Curriculum Portal

neurologyYou need to know

• Physical health means that the body functions efficiently, is free from illness and injury, and can cope with everyday demands.
• Emotional wellbeing includes positive mood, low stress levels and the ability to manage feelings appropriately.
• Social wellbeing depends on positive relationships, effective cooperation with others and the ability to meet basic human needs.
• Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment and of everyday life.
• Different forms and intensities of physical activity suit different people because age, health status, fitness level and personal goals vary.
• A common reason for participating in physical activity, exercise and sport is to improve physical health, emotional wellbeing, social wellbeing and fitness.
• Regular exercise strengthens the heart and improves heart function by making blood circulation more efficient.
• Regular physical activity improves the efficiency of body systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems.
• Regular participation in physical activity reduces the risk of some illnesses, including coronary heart disease, stroke and Type 2 diabetes.
• Regular physical activity helps maintain energy balance and reduces the risk of obesity.
• Good physical health and fitness make everyday tasks such as walking, lifting and climbing stairs easier to complete.
• Higher fitness levels reduce the risk of injury because the body is stronger and better able to cope with physical demands.
• Improved fitness can increase a person's ability to work in jobs that involve manual labour or standing for long periods.
• Physical activity can reduce stress and tension.
• Exercise can increase serotonin levels in the brain, which is associated with improved mood and emotional wellbeing.
• Regular participation in physical activity can help people manage emotions such as anger, anxiety and frustration more effectively.
• Physical activity and sport create opportunities to socialise and make friends with people who share similar interests.
• Taking part in team activities develops cooperation because participants must communicate and work together effectively.
• Team sports develop teamwork because players must accept roles and responsibilities to achieve a common goal.
• Good health and fitness can help a person work and earn money, which supports essential needs such as food, shelter and clothing.
• A sedentary person does very little physical activity.
• Lifestyle is the way a person lives, including daily habits and behaviour patterns.
• A sedentary lifestyle is a pattern of living that involves little or no regular exercise.
• A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of weight gain because energy intake is more likely to exceed energy expenditure.
• A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of obesity.
• A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of heart disease.
• Hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure.
• A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of hypertension.
• A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes because physical inactivity is linked to poorer control of blood glucose.
• A sedentary lifestyle is associated with poor sleep quality.
• A sedentary lifestyle can lower self-esteem by reducing confidence in appearance and physical ability.
• Lethargy is a persistent lack of energy and enthusiasm.
• A sedentary lifestyle can cause lethargy and make regular participation in physical activity more difficult.
• Obesity is a condition in which a person has an excessive amount of body fat.
• Obesity is commonly classified as a body mass index of 30 or above.
• Obesity reduces stamina and cardiovascular endurance because extra body mass makes the heart and lungs work harder during exercise.
• Obesity limits flexibility because excess body fat can restrict the range of movement around joints.
• Obesity limits agility because extra body mass makes rapid changes of direction harder to control.
• Obesity can reduce speed because moving a larger body mass quickly requires greater effort.
• Obesity can reduce power because excess body fat does not contribute to force production.
• Obesity increases the risk of heart disease and heart attacks.
• Obesity increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes.
• Obesity increases the risk of high cholesterol.
• Obesity increases the risk of some cancers.
• Obesity can harm mental health by increasing the risk of depression.
• Obesity can cause loss of confidence.
• Obesity can harm social health by making social interaction and leaving home more difficult.
• A somatotype is a classification of body shape.
• The three main somatotypes are endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph.
• An endomorph is a somatotype with a wider build, broader hips and a higher proportion of body fat.
• A mesomorph is a somatotype with a muscular build, broad shoulders and relatively low body fat.
• An ectomorph is a somatotype with a slim build, narrow shoulders and hips, and relatively little body fat.
• Somatotypes describe typical body shape characteristics rather than a person's training level or sporting ability.
• Endomorphic characteristics can be advantageous in sports or positions that require body mass and strength.
• A rugby forward is often suited to endomorphic characteristics because greater body mass can help in physical contests and scrums.
• Mesomorphic characteristics can be advantageous in sports that require strength, speed and power.
• A sprinter is often suited to mesomorphic characteristics because a muscular build can generate high force quickly.
• Mesomorphic characteristics can also benefit swimmers and gymnasts because they support strength and explosive movement.
• Ectomorphic characteristics can be advantageous in sports that reward a light frame and efficient endurance performance.
• A marathon runner is often suited to ectomorphic characteristics because a light body mass reduces the energy cost of prolonged running.
• A high jumper is often suited to ectomorphic characteristics because a lean build can support lift and efficient movement.
• Many people show a mixture of somatotype characteristics rather than fitting exactly into one category.
• The most suitable somatotype for a sport depends on the physical demands of the activity or position.
• Energy is obtained from the food people eat.
• Energy from food is measured in kilocalories, written as Kcal.
• The body releases usable energy from food by respiration in body cells.
• The average adult male requires about 2,500 Kcal per day.
• The average adult female requires about 2,000 Kcal per day.
• Daily energy requirements vary with age because growing children and adolescents need energy for growth as well as activity.
• Daily energy requirements vary with gender.
• Taller people usually need more energy because a larger body has more tissue to maintain.
• People who exercise more need more energy because physical activity increases energy expenditure.
• If energy intake is greater than energy expenditure, the surplus energy is stored as body fat.
• A balanced diet contains a variety of foods that together provide the nutrients, vitamins and minerals the body needs.
• No single food contains all the nutrients the body needs.
• A balanced diet is important because the body needs nutrients for energy, growth, repair and normal body functioning.
• A balanced diet helps make suitable energy available for physical activity and sporting performance.
• In a typical balanced diet, about 55 to 60 per cent should be carbohydrate.
• In a typical balanced diet, about 25 to 30 per cent should be fat.
• In a typical balanced diet, about 15 to 20 per cent should be protein.
• Carbohydrate is the main and preferred energy source for all types of exercise and all exercise intensities.
• Fat is also an energy source for exercise.
• Fat contains more energy per gram than carbohydrate, but fat is used mainly during low-intensity exercise.
• Protein is needed for the growth and repair of muscle tissue.
• Vitamins and minerals help maintain the efficient working of body systems and general health.
• Eating too much unused energy, especially from foods high in saturated fat, can lead to fat storage and obesity.
• Different people need different diets because nutritional requirements vary with age, gender, height and activity level.
• Hydration means maintaining the body's water balance by replacing water lost through normal processes and sweating.
• Dehydration is a harmful reduction in the body's water content.
• Exercise increases the risk of dehydration because sweating causes additional water loss.
• Good hydration helps the body regulate temperature during exercise.
• Dehydration increases blood viscosity, so blood becomes thicker and flows more slowly.
• Slower blood flow during dehydration reduces the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to working muscles.
• Dehydration makes the heart work harder and increases heart rate.
• Severe dehydration can contribute to an irregular heart rhythm.
• Dehydration can raise body temperature and increase the risk of overheating.
• Dehydration can slow reaction time.
• Dehydration can impair decision-making.
• Dehydration can cause muscle fatigue.
• Dehydration can cause muscle cramps.
• Dehydration can reduce performance in endurance activities because less oxygen reaches working muscles.
• Dehydration can reduce performance in games activities because slower reactions and poorer decisions affect skill execution and tactics.

• Explain how participation in physical activity, exercise and sport can improve physical health, emotional wellbeing, social wellbeing and fitness.
• Apply the idea that different activities and intensities suit different people to justify appropriate exercise choices for named performers.
• Identify physical, emotional or social benefits shown in a sporting or lifestyle scenario.
• Explain how regular exercise improves heart function, body-system efficiency and ability to complete everyday tasks.
• Analyse how improved fitness can reduce injury risk and support the ability to work or stay active.
• Explain how exercise can reduce stress, increase serotonin and help manage emotions.
• Explain how participation in sport can improve social wellbeing through friendships, cooperation, teamwork and meeting essential needs.
• Define sedentary lifestyle and apply the term accurately to a named pattern of behaviour.
• Explain how a sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of weight gain, obesity, heart disease, hypertension and Type 2 diabetes.
• Analyse how a sedentary lifestyle can affect sleep, self-esteem, energy levels and willingness to take part in physical activity.
• Classify a performer as endomorph, mesomorph or ectomorph from a description of body shape.
• Select and justify the most suitable somatotype for a named sport or position.
• Explain how obesity can limit stamina, flexibility, agility, speed and power in physical activity and sport.
• Evaluate the physical, mental and social consequences of obesity for a named performer.
• Interpret energy intake and expenditure information to explain when surplus energy will be stored as body fat.
• Explain why daily energy requirements vary with age, gender, height and activity level.
• Describe the proportions of carbohydrate, fat and protein in a balanced diet.
• Select and justify appropriate uses of carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals in relation to health and sporting performance.
• Explain how dehydration affects blood viscosity, heart rate, body temperature, reaction time, decision-making and muscle function.
• Evaluate the consequences of dehydration for performance in different sporting activities.