Curriculum Portal

neurologyYou need to know

• Development is the process of improving people's quality of life through social, economic and environmental progress, including better education, healthcare, incomes and living standards.
• Development indicators include GDP per capita, meaning economic output per person; life expectancy, meaning the average number of years a person is expected to live; and literacy rate, meaning the percentage of people who can read and write.
• Using several development indicators gives a fuller picture than using one measure, while national averages can hide inequalities within countries.
• The UK generally has higher income per person and longer life expectancy than Nigeria, although living standards vary within both countries.
• Countries develop at different rates because of interacting physical factors, such as resource availability, and human factors, such as infrastructure, education and trade.
• Nigeria's large population provides a potential workforce and market, and international trade creates opportunities, but poverty, unequal access to services and unreliable infrastructure restrict development.
• Natural resources are materials or features supplied by nature that people can use, including the water, energy sources and raw materials needed to support development.
• Reliable supplies of water, food, energy and raw materials support health, jobs and industry, while unequal access can widen regional differences in development.
• Access to clean water varies across Nigeria, and people without reliable local supplies, especially women and children, may spend time collecting water instead of attending school or doing paid work.
• Unsafe water can transmit diseases such as cholera, so improving water supplies can reduce illness and deaths while increasing school attendance and productivity.
• Nigeria has valuable oil and gas reserves and is one of Africa's largest oil producers, with its oil industry attracting foreign investment and generating export earnings, government revenue and employment.
• Oil extraction and spills in the Niger Delta have polluted land and water, damaging ecosystems and livelihoods such as farming and fishing.
• India's rapid economic growth has increased energy demand, and reliable electricity supports households, businesses and industrial production.
• Coal is a non-renewable fuel that supplies much of India's electricity and causes air pollution when burnt, while India is expanding renewable electricity generation, including solar power.
• Growth in manufacturing, technology and service industries has contributed to India's rapid economic development and helped millions of people improve their living standards.
• India's rapid development has increased pressure on housing, urban services and transport, alongside environmental problems such as pollution.
• Nigeria and India both have large, growing populations and substantial regional inequalities in wealth, access to services and quality of life.
• India has a more diversified economy, with strong manufacturing and service industries, while Nigeria depends more heavily on oil for export earnings.
• Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of countries through flows of goods, services, money, people and information.
• The UK is connected to Nigeria and India through trade, migration and supply chains, so changes in production or prices in these countries can affect UK businesses and consumers.

• Compare development in the UK, Nigeria and India using supplied indicators, quoting values with their units and identifying differences without treating national averages as everyone's experience.
• Explain why several indicators are needed to assess development, identifying which aspects of quality of life each measure reveals or leaves out.
• Explain Nigeria's development opportunities and barriers by linking physical and human factors to employment, access to services and living standards.
• Assess the effects of unreliable water supplies in Nigeria using causal chains linking water access to disease, time spent collecting water, education and productivity.
• Evaluate Nigeria's oil industry by weighing government revenue, investment and employment against environmental damage and effects on local livelihoods.
• Explain how energy supply supports India's development, contrasting the contribution and environmental effects of coal with the expansion of solar power.
• Assess India's rapid development using evidence of industrial growth and improved living standards alongside pressures on cities, transport and the environment.
• Compare Nigeria's and India's development opportunities and challenges, using evidence about population, economic structure, resource dependence and regional inequality to reach a supported conclusion.
• Trace a connection between the UK and Nigeria or India through trade, migration or a product supply chain, explaining how a change in one country can affect people in another.