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neurologyYou need to know

• Tally marks are recorded as vertical strokes grouped in fives, with the fifth mark drawn diagonally across the previous four, and each group of five represents a count of five.
• In a tally chart, the tally column records counts and the frequency column shows the total for each category; the total frequency is the sum of all category frequencies.
• A pictogram uses repeated symbols to represent quantities, and the key states how many items each full symbol represents; part symbols represent a stated fraction of that number.
• In a bar chart, each discrete category is shown by an equal-width bar, the height (or length) of the bar is proportional to frequency, and there are gaps between adjacent bars.
• Axes on bar charts are labelled with the variable and units, and the scale uses equal steps and normally starts at 0 so heights can be read accurately.
• A dual bar chart compares two datasets across the same categories by placing two bars side by side for each category with a shared scale and a clear key (legend).
• A line graph is suitable when the horizontal variable has an ordered numerical scale, often time, and joining consecutive points represents meaningful change; it is not suitable for unordered categories.
• On a line graph, the independent variable is plotted on the horizontal axis and the dependent variable on the vertical axis, with both axes labelled and scaled uniformly.
• Rising sections of a line graph indicate an increase, falling sections indicate a decrease, and flat sections indicate no change between the plotted `x`-values.
• A timetable is a structured table with row and column headings that show scheduled times of events (such as departures and arrivals) in either 12-hour (a.m./p.m.) or 24-hour format.
• On the 24-hour clock, times from 13:00 to 23:59 correspond to 1:00 p.m. to 11:59 p.m., and midnight is written as 00:00.
• There are 60 minutes in an hour; time intervals (durations) are found by subtracting the start time from the end time, adjusting for hours and minutes where needed.
• When plotting points on a graph, each point corresponds to an ordered pair `(x, y)`, and accurate plotting depends on using the chosen scale and grid lines.

• Read values from a bar chart or pictogram by tracing from the top of the bar to the vertical scale or using the number of symbols and the key to calculate the category total.
• Read values from a line graph by locating the `x`-position, tracing up or down to the plotted point or line, and then tracing across to the vertical scale to obtain the `y`-value.
• Construct a tally chart by defining clear, non-overlapping categories, recording tallies in groups of five, and converting tallies to a correct frequency total for each category.
• Read and compare values in a tally chart by converting groups of five and remaining tallies into exact frequencies and identifying the highest and lowest categories.
• Draw a pictogram by choosing an efficient key (e.g., 2, 5, or 10 per symbol), drawing full and part symbols to match each category total, and adding a title, labels, and key.
• Interpret a pictogram by using the key to calculate each category total, including part symbols, and compare categories using differences and totals.
• Draw a bar chart with equal-width bars and consistent gaps by selecting a sensible scale from 0, labelling axes with units, and giving a clear title.
• Read and compare data from a single or dual bar chart by retrieving exact frequencies from the scale and calculating differences or totals across categories or datasets.
• Draw a dual bar chart by plotting two bars for each category on a common scale, keeping bar widths and spacing consistent, and adding a legend to distinguish datasets.
• Plot and draw a line graph by choosing appropriate axes, plotting accurate points `(x, y)` using a uniform scale, joining adjacent points with straight segments, and labelling axes and title.
• Read and interpret a line graph by estimating values from the scale (including between grid lines), identifying increases/decreases, and locating maxima or minima.
• Complete and use a timetable by converting between 12-hour and 24-hour times where needed, extracting departure/arrival times, and calculating journey durations accurately.