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neurologyYou need to know

• Animal and plant cells both have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and mitochondria.
• Plant cells have a cell wall, a large permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts, which animal cells do not.
• The nucleus controls the activities of the cell and contains genetic material.
• Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy for the cell.
• The cell membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
• Cytoplasm is where most chemical reactions take place.
• The vacuole in plant cells contains cell sap and helps maintain cell rigidity.
• Chloroplasts in plant cells contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis. Many plant cells, especially palisade cells, contain chloroplasts; some plant cells, such as root hair cells, do not.
• The cell wall in plant cells provides structural support and protection.
• Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in both animal and plant cells.
• Red blood cells have a biconcave shape that provides a large surface area and contain haemoglobin to transport oxygen.
• Nerve cells have a long axon to transmit electrical impulses over long distances and branched connections to connect with other cells.
• Root hair cells have a long projection that increases the surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil.
• Palisade cells contain many chloroplasts to absorb light for photosynthesis.
• Unicellular organisms, such as amoeba and bacteria, have structural adaptations to survive as single cells.
• Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• Diffusion occurs in animals, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide in lungs and nutrients in the small intestine, and in plants, such as gases in leaves.
• A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a function, for example, muscle tissue.
• An organ is a group of different tissues working together to perform a specific function, for example, heart or leaf.
• An organ system is a group of organs working together to perform a particular function, for example, the digestive system or the transport system in plants.
• Multicellular organisms are organised in a hierarchy: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
• Bacterial cells have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material, but lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

• Label diagrams of animal and plant cells accurately, including the nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall, and ribosomes.
• Describe and compare the similarities and differences between animal, plant, and bacterial cells.
• Explain why plant cells need a cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplasts, and why animal cells do not.
• Describe the function of each main cell organelle: nucleus, mitochondrion, cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall, and ribosome.
• Explain how the structure of specialised animal and plant cells relates to their function.
• Use a light microscope safely and correctly to observe prepared slides of animal, plant, and unicellular organisms.
• Prepare a wet mount slide of animal and plant cells for microscopic observation.
• Draw accurate, labelled scientific diagrams of cells as seen under a microscope, noting which organelles are visible and explaining why some are not.
• Label and describe the structural adaptations of unicellular organisms such as amoeba.
• Draw and interpret particle diagrams to model diffusion.
• Give specific examples of diffusion in animals and plants, and describe how diffusion occurs in the small intestine, plant roots, and lungs.
• Define and give examples of tissue, organ, and organ system, and explain how they are organised in multicellular organisms.