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neurologyYou need to know

• The Earth is made up of four main layers: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
• The crust is composed mainly of solid rocks such as granite and basalt.
• The mantle consists of semi-solid silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron.
• The outer core is liquid and made mostly of iron and nickel.
• The inner core is solid and composed mainly of iron and nickel.
• Sedimentary rocks include examples such as limestone, sandstone, and shale.
• Sedimentary rocks are typically formed from layers of sediment, are often porous, and may contain fossils.
• Sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments.
• Metamorphic rocks include examples such as marble and slate.
• Igneous rocks include examples such as granite and basalt.
• Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks that are changed by heat and pressure.
• Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
• Metamorphic rocks are usually harder than sedimentary rocks, may have foliation, and do not contain fossils.
• Igneous rocks are usually hard, crystalline, and do not contain fossils.
• The three types of rock (sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic) differ in their formation processes, properties, and typical features.
• The rock cycle describes the processes by which rocks change from one type to another, including weathering, erosion, compaction, cementation, melting, cooling, and metamorphism.
• A finite resource is one that is limited in supply and cannot be replaced within a human timescale.
• Recycling is important because it conserves finite resources, reduces waste, and lowers environmental impact.
• Changes in behaviour, such as reducing consumption and reusing materials, and using alternative materials, such as bioplastics or recycled metals, can help limit the consumption of natural resources.
• The carbon cycle includes processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, decomposition, and fossilisation.
• Carbon is recycled in the environment through the carbon cycle, moving between the atmosphere, living organisms, oceans, and rocks.
• Increases in carbon dioxide levels can be explained by changes in the rates of photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and deforestation.
• Major causes of increasing carbon dioxide emissions include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes.
• Climate change is a long-term change in global or regional climate patterns, often linked to increased levels of greenhouse gases.
• Global warming refers specifically to the observed and projected increase in the Earth's average surface temperature due to increased greenhouse gas concentrations.
• Increased levels of carbon dioxide enhance the greenhouse effect, trapping more heat in the atmosphere and contributing to climate change.

• Identify and label the layers of the Earth on a diagram.
• Compare and contrast the properties and formation processes of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks.
• Classify given rock samples or descriptions as sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic, with justification.
• Sequence and describe the steps in the rock cycle, using appropriate terminology.
• Use a diagram of the carbon cycle to trace the movement of carbon through different processes and reservoirs.
• Explain, using the carbon cycle, how changes in natural and human activities can alter atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
• Suggest and justify practical ways to reduce the consumption of finite resources through recycling, behavioural change, or use of alternatives.
• Explain, with reference to the greenhouse effect, how increased carbon dioxide emissions contribute to global warming and climate change.