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neurologyYou need to know

• Respiration is a chemical process that releases energy from glucose or other organic molecules in cells.
• Respiration is essential because it provides energy for cellular processes such as movement, growth, and active transport.
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of energy.
• Anaerobic respiration in humans occurs without oxygen, producing lactic acid and less energy.
• The word equation for aerobic respiration is `\text{glucose} + \text{oxygen} \rightarrow \text{carbon dioxide} + \text{water}\;(+\text{energy})`.
• The balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration is `\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6(aq) + 6O_2(g) \rightarrow 6CO_2(g) + 6H_2O(l)}\;(+\text{energy})`.
• The word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans is `\text{glucose} \rightarrow \text{lactic acid}\;(+\text{energy})`.
• The balanced symbol equation for anaerobic respiration in humans is `\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6(aq) \rightarrow 2C_3H_6O_3(aq)}\;(+\text{energy})`.
• Anaerobic respiration in microbes such as yeast produces ethanol and carbon dioxide instead of lactic acid.
• The word equation for fermentation (anaerobic respiration in yeast) is `\text{glucose} \rightarrow \text{ethanol} + \text{carbon dioxide}\;(+\text{energy})`.
• Fermentation is a process used by microbes to release energy from glucose without oxygen.
• Fermentation is used in making bread, brewing beer, and producing biofuels.
• During exercise, breathing rate and heart rate increase to supply more oxygen and glucose to muscles.
• Oxygen debt is the extra oxygen required after exercise to break down lactic acid and restore the body to its resting state.
• The liver helps convert lactic acid back into glucose or carbon dioxide and water.
• Lactic acid is transported to the liver after exercise, where it is broken down.
• An anomalous result is a result that does not fit the pattern of the other data collected.
• Asthma can restrict air flow, making it harder to increase breathing rate during exercise.
• The independent variable (IV) is the variable that is changed in an experiment.
• The dependent variable (DV) is the variable that is measured.
• Control variables (CV) are variables kept the same to ensure a fair test.

• Write word equations and balanced symbol equations with state symbols for aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans, and for fermentation in yeast.
• Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans, including reactants, products, and energy yield.
• Compare and contrast anaerobic respiration in humans and microbes such as yeast, including differences in products.
• Identify and use Tier 3 vocabulary such as 'aerobic', 'anaerobic', 'fermentation', 'oxygen debt', 'lactic acid', 'ethanol', 'glucose', 'respiration', and 'metabolism'.
• Identify the independent, dependent, and control variables in a respiration practical.
• Measure the rate of respiration using appropriate methods such as counting bubbles, measuring gas volume, or using a respirometer.
• Analyse experimental results, identify anomalous results, and suggest reasons for them.
• Explain how changing glucose concentration affects the rate of respiration.
• Describe and explain the physiological changes in breathing rate and heart rate during and after exercise, linking them to the demands of respiration.
• Explain the process of oxygen debt and the role of the liver in repaying it.
• Explain why yeast may not always work when baking bread, such as the temperature being too high, a lack of sugar, or insufficient time for fermentation.
• Produce a mind map of respiration that accurately links key concepts and vocabulary.