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neurologyYou need to know

• Throwing areas are safe only when non-throwers remain behind the thrower, the throwing sector is clear, and athletes throw and retrieve implements only on command.
• A javelin must be carried upright with its point down, and implements must be carried back rather than thrown back.
• The high-jump landing area must be secure and clear before each attempt.
• In shot put, the shot is pushed from the neck rather than thrown from behind the head, because the event requires a putting action.
• An effective shot put grip places the shot securely on the fingers under the chin, with a strong wrist and a high elbow.
• Power in shot put is created by sequencing the movement from legs to hips to torso to arm before release.
• A shot put release should use full arm extension, a high follow-through, and a balanced recovery to avoid fouling or losing power.
• In discus, the discus is controlled on the fingertips, and the release comes off the fingers to create spin.
• A discus throw gains distance through smooth acceleration in a wide arc, rather than a short or rushed arm action.
• Rotational power in discus is increased when the hips turn before the shoulders, creating separation through the body.
• In javelin, the grip is held on the cord, and the javelin should be aligned so the tip leads through the throw.
• A javelin approach uses a rhythmic run-up and a withdrawal phase to prepare the body for the throwing action.
• An effective javelin throw uses a front-leg block, hip drive, and delayed arm pull to transfer speed into the javelin.
• A sprint race can be divided into phases: start, acceleration, maximum speed or race pace, and finish.
• During sprint acceleration, the athlete gradually rises from a forward lean into an upright sprinting position.
• Efficient sprinting uses forceful arm drive at about 90 degrees, high knee lift, fast leg turnover, powerful push-off, and a relaxed upper body.
• In the 100 m, performance depends heavily on reaction time, an explosive start, rapid acceleration, and maintaining maximum speed.
• In the 200 m, athletes need bend technique, including controlled body lean and a smooth transition from the curve to the straight.
• In the 400 m, athletes need speed endurance and controlled pace distribution, with a fast but controlled opening and effort distributed to maintain speed and technique as effectively as possible under fatigue.
• In hurdles, maintaining rhythm depends on a consistent stride pattern between hurdles and efficient lead-leg and trail-leg actions.
• In long jump, a fast and consistent run-up must be converted into a powerful one-footed take-off for upward and forward lift.
• In high jump using the Fosbury flop, the athlete uses a curved approach, a one-footed take-off, an arched back over the bar, and lands on the upper back or shoulders.
• Accurate athletics results require correct use of units, with sprint times recorded in seconds and jump or throw distances recorded in metres.

• Perform an advanced shot put by holding the shot under the chin, starting balanced side-on, driving legs to hips to torso to arm, and releasing with full extension and control.
• Perform an advanced discus throw by gripping on the fingertips, rotating or turning under control, accelerating the discus through a wide arc, and releasing cleanly with spin while staying balanced.
• Perform an advanced javelin throw by using a consistent run-up, withdrawing the javelin, blocking with the front leg, driving the hips through, and releasing with the tip leading.
• Execute a sprint start by reacting quickly, driving powerfully forward from a block or standing start, and maintaining a strong acceleration phase before rising gradually.
• Sprint with efficient mechanics by using relaxed posture, forceful 90-degree arm drive, high knee lift, fast turnover, and a powerful push-off.
• Adapt sprint technique to the event by prioritising explosive acceleration in the 100 m, controlled bend running in the 200 m, a fast but controlled opening followed by effort distribution to maintain speed and technique under fatigue in the 400 m, and rhythm over hurdles.
• Perform hurdle technique by attacking the hurdle with an efficient lead leg, snapping the trail leg through, and keeping a consistent stride pattern between hurdles.
• Perform advanced jumping technique by using a fast, accurate run-up, converting speed into a powerful one-footed take-off, and controlling flight and landing for maximum height or distance.
• Complete a triple jump by linking the hop, step, and jump phases with rhythm, balance, and forward momentum.
• Measure and record athletics performances accurately by starting and stopping the stopwatch correctly, measuring from the correct mark, using seconds or metres, and writing results clearly.